Microprocessor and Mircrocontroller B.Tech Handwritten Notes For University Exams

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1. Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

• Evolution and history of microprocessors and microcontrollers
• Basic architecture of a microprocessor and microcontroller
• Comparison between microprocessors and microcontrollers
• Applications in embedded systems, automation, and IoT

2. Microprocessor Basics

• Architecture of a typical microprocessor (e.g., 8085, 8086)
• Functional units: ALU, registers, control unit, buses
• Pin configuration and functions
• Instruction set architecture (ISA)
  • Data transfer instructions
  • Arithmetic and logical instructions
  • Branching and control instructions
• Addressing modes
• Assembly language programming

3. Microcontroller Basics

• Overview of microcontrollers (e.g., 8051, PIC, AVR, ARM)
• Architecture of 8051 microcontroller
  • CPU, memory, I/O ports, timers, and interrupts
• Instruction set and programming
  • Data transfer, arithmetic, logical, and branching instructions
• Special function registers (SFRs)
• Addressing modes in microcontrollers

4. Memory and Interfacing

• Memory types: ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flash
• Memory interfacing with microprocessors and microcontrollers
• I/O interfacing: Parallel and serial communication
• Interfacing peripherals: LEDs, switches, keypads, displays (LCD, 7-segment)
• ADC and DAC interfacing

5. Interrupts and Timers

• Interrupts in microprocessors and microcontrollers
  • Hardware and software interrupts
  • Interrupt handling and priorities
• Timers and counters
  • Modes of operation
  • Applications in real-time systems

6. Serial Communication

• Serial communication basics: Asynchronous and synchronous
• Protocols: UART, SPI, I2C, CAN
• RS232 standard and interfacing
• Programming for serial communication

7. Advanced Microcontrollers

• Overview of advanced microcontrollers (e.g., ARM Cortex-M series)
• Architecture and features of ARM processors
• Programming ARM microcontrollers
• Power management in microcontrollers
• Real-time operating systems (RTOS) basics

8. Embedded System Design

• Overview of embedded systems
• Hardware and software design considerations
• Integration of microcontrollers in embedded systems
• Real-world applications: Automotive, healthcare, consumer electronics

9. Applications of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

• Home automation
• Industrial automation
• Robotics
• IoT devices
• Medical devices
• Consumer electronics

10. Case Studies and Projects

• Temperature monitoring and control using 8051
• Digital clock implementation
• Stepper motor control using microcontroller
• Home automation using microcontroller
• Real-time data acquisition system
• IoT-based projects using ARM microcontrollers