Pathology MBBS Handwritten Notes For Your University Exams

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1. General Pathology

• Cell Injury and Adaptation
  • Types of cell injury
  • Mechanisms of cell injury
  • Cellular adaptations (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia)
  • Necrosis and apoptosis
• Inflammation and Repair
  • Acute and chronic inflammation
  • Cellular and vascular events in inflammation
  • Chemical mediators of inflammation
  • Tissue repair and wound healing
• Hemodynamic Disorders
  • Edema, hyperemia, congestion
  • Thrombosis, embolism
  • Infarction, shock
• Immune System Disorders
  • Hypersensitivity reactions
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Immunodeficiency disorders
• Neoplasia
  • Characteristics of benign and malignant tumors
  • Carcinogenesis and tumor progression
  • Tumor markers
  • Grading and staging of tumors
• Genetic Disorders
  • Chromosomal abnormalities
  • Mendelian disorders
  • Multifactorial inheritance
• Environmental Pathology
  • Effects of radiation, chemicals, and toxins
  • Nutritional disorders

2. Systemic Pathology

• Cardiovascular System
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Hypertension
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Rheumatic heart disease
• Respiratory System
  • Pneumonia
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Tuberculosis
  • Lung cancer
• Gastrointestinal System
  • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
  • Hepatitis and cirrhosis
  • GI cancers
• Hematopathology
  • Anemia (types and causes)
  • Leukemia and lymphoma
  • Bleeding disorders
• Renal System
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Acute and chronic renal failure
  • Nephrotic and nephritic syndrome
• Endocrine System
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Thyroid disorders
  • Adrenal gland disorders
• Nervous System
  • Neurodegenerative diseases
  • CNS infections
  • Brain tumors
• Reproductive System
  • Breast pathology (benign and malignant)
  • Uterine and ovarian disorders
  • Testicular pathology
• Musculoskeletal System
  • Bone tumors
  • Osteoporosis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis

3. Clinical Pathology

• Laboratory Techniques
  • Hematological investigations (CBC, blood smear)
  • Biochemical investigations (liver and kidney function tests)
  • Urine analysis
• Cytopathology
  • Pap smear
  • FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology)
• Histopathology
  • Tissue processing
  • Staining techniques
• Microbiology
  • Basic microbiological techniques
  • Identification of pathogens

4. Practical and Applied Pathology

• Gross specimen examination
• Microscopic examination of slides
• Interpretation of lab results
• Case discussions and problem-solving